| The Privacy of Cellular Telephone Numbers |
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| Six of the seven largest wireless telephone carriers say that they will move forward with a plan to compile a directory of wireless telephone numbers. The Wireless 411 Privacy Act has been introduced in Congress to prohibit wireless telephone carriers from including in a published directory the cellular phone numbers of those subscribers who do not give their consent. More... |
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| Disparate Treatment in School Activities and Services |
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| "Disparate treatment" is the different or unequal treatment of individuals due to their membership in a protected class, such as individuals with disabilities, older workers, females, and people who were born outside of the United States. Pursuant to Executive Order 13160, a disabled individual who is involved in in a "federally conducted" education and training program must be treated equally and not be subjected to disparate treatment.
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| The Freedom of Religion in Prisons |
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| The federal Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000 (RLUIPA) says in part that no government shall impose a substantial burden on the religious exercise of anyone confined to a federally-funded government institution, including prisons and jails. RLUIPA requires prisons to accommodate the religions practiced by inmates. The law allows governmental authorities to interfere with religious practices only if they can show a "compelling governmental interest." Often, prison security and discipline have been found to be sufficient reasons to restrict inmates' religious practices.
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| The Guarantee of the Right to Bear Arms Is a Source of Discussion |
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| The meaning of the Second Amendment right to bear arms is a source of discussion. One view is that the Second Amendment protects "the people" as a collective body, rather than as individuals. According to this "collective view," the federal government cannot take away arms from state militias. Proponents of this theory say that there is no right to possession of firearms other than by those who belong to a "well-regulated Militia." The contrasting theory is that "the people" are individuals, who each have a right to possess firearms.
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| Race Discrimination Claims under § 1981 |
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| Section 1981 of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 prohibits racial discrimination in making and enforcing contracts. Section 1981 protects an individual from racial discrimination not only in making and enforcing contracts, but also in participating in lawsuits and in giving evidence. For example, § 1981 has been applied to enforce contracts of employment, including contractual relationships of at-will employment. In 1991, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1991. In so doing, Congress amended § 1981 by adding § 1981(b) to cover claims of racially discriminatory termination.
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